Romantic Goth Bedroom Ideas: 19 Dark & Dreamy Designs to Transform Your Space

There’s something utterly captivating about a bedroom that whispers dark romance—a space where Victorian elegance meets moody mystique, where velvet textures brush against candlelit shadows, and where every corner tells a story of dramatic beauty.

If you’ve ever dreamed of creating a sanctuary that’s equal parts enchanting and edgy, you’re in the right place.

Romantic goth bedroom design isn’t about creating a space that feels cold or unwelcoming; it’s about crafting an intimate retreat that celebrates the beauty in darkness, the allure of vintage charm, and the sophistication of theatrical design elements.

Whether you’re starting from scratch or transforming your current space, these 19 romantic goth bedroom ideas will guide you through creating a room that feels like stepping into a gothic romance novel.

From sumptuous fabrics to ornate details, get ready to embrace your dark side while keeping things utterly dreamy and inviting.

1. Layer Rich Velvet Textures in Deep Jewel Tones

Transform your bedroom into a tactile wonderland by incorporating luxurious velvet throughout the space. This isn’t just about one velvet throw pillow—we’re talking about creating depth through multiple velvet elements in rich burgundy, deep purple, midnight black, and forest green.

Step by Step:

1. Start with a velvet duvet cover or bedspread as your foundation piece
2. Add velvet throw pillows in varying sizes and complementary dark jewel tones
3. Drape a velvet throw blanket across the foot of your bed
4. Consider velvet curtains to frame your windows with luxurious texture
5. Include a velvet bench or ottoman at the foot of the bed
6. Layer in a velvet accent chair if space allows

Picture this: You sink into your bed surrounded by sumptuous velvet in every direction—the fabric catches the low light from your bedside lamp, creating subtle shifts between shadow and shimmer. The deep plum pillows contrast beautifully against your black velvet duvet, while burgundy curtains frame your window like a stage curtain, making your entire bedroom feel like an intimate, luxurious sanctuary where you’re the star of your own gothic romance.

If you’re drawn to darker color palettes, explore more dark green bedroom ideas for additional inspiration.

2. Create a Dramatic Canopy with Black Lace or Sheer Fabric

A canopy bed instantly elevates the romantic goth aesthetic, creating an intimate cocoon that feels both protective and enchanting. The key is choosing the right fabric—black lace for Victorian drama or flowing sheer black fabric for ethereal elegance.

Step by Step:

1. Install a ceiling-mounted canopy frame or use a four-poster bed as your base
2. Select black lace panels or sheer black fabric in generous lengths
3. Drape the fabric from the ceiling mount or bed posts, allowing it to puddle slightly on the floor
4. Secure fabric at corners with decorative tiebacks featuring gothic details like metal roses or ornate clips
5. Add fairy lights or string lights hidden within the canopy for subtle illumination
6. Consider layering lace over sheer fabric for extra dimension

Picture this: Your bed becomes a sanctuary within a sanctuary—the black lace canopy filters the moonlight streaming through your window, casting intricate patterns across your bedding. When you draw the curtains closed, you’re enclosed in your own private world, the delicate lace creating beautiful shadows that dance across the fabric as you move. It’s simultaneously cozy and dramatic, making every night feel like you’re sleeping in a gothic castle.

For more romantic canopy inspiration, check out these girls bed with canopy ideas.

3. Install Ornate Victorian-Style Mirror as a Statement Piece

An oversized, ornately framed mirror serves multiple purposes in a romantic goth bedroom—it reflects light to prevent the space from feeling too dark, creates the illusion of more space, and serves as stunning wall art that anchors your gothic aesthetic.

Step by Step:

1. Source a large vintage-style mirror with an ornate frame (look for baroque, rococo, or Victorian designs)
2. Choose a frame in black, antique gold, or distressed silver finish
3. Position the mirror strategically to reflect either your bed, a window, or candlelight
4. Mount securely to the wall using appropriate hardware for the mirror’s weight
5. Style the area around the mirror with gothic elements like candelabras or dried flowers
6. Consider adding a garland of faux roses or ivy around the frame’s edge

Picture this: Your magnificent mirror dominates one wall, its ornate frame catching flickering candlelight from across the room. The aged gold finish tells stories of centuries past, while the mirror itself reflects your beautiful canopy bed, effectively doubling the visual impact of your romantic goth design. Every time you catch your reflection, you feel like you’ve stepped into another era—one filled with mystery, elegance, and timeless beauty.

You might also love these antique bedroom ideas to complete your vintage aesthetic.

4. Incorporate Candlelight with Gothic Candelabras and Holders

Nothing sets a romantic goth mood quite like candlelight. The warm, flickering glow creates instant atmosphere while the candle holders themselves become sculptural art pieces that enhance your gothic theme.

Step by Step:

1. Invest in at least one statement candelabra with multiple arms in black metal or aged silver
2. Place pillar candles in various heights on your dresser or nightstand using individual gothic holders
3. Use candle holders with dripping wax effects for added drama
4. Incorporate taper candles in black, deep red, or ivory
5. Position candles where they’ll reflect in mirrors for amplified effect
6. Always use candle safety practices or opt for high-quality flameless LED candles with realistic flicker

Picture this: As evening falls, you light your collection of candles throughout the room—the tall candelabra on your dresser creates dramatic shadows on the wall, while smaller candles on your nightstand provide intimate reading light. The flames dance and flicker, making the whole room feel alive with movement. The scent of your favorite dark, romantic candle fragrance (think black rose, oud, or sandalwood) fills the air, completing the sensory experience of your gothic sanctuary.

Continue building atmosphere with these bedroom couch ideas for additional seating spaces.

5. Design a Gallery Wall of Dark Romantic Art

Create visual interest and establish your aesthetic through a carefully curated gallery wall featuring artwork that speaks to the romantic goth sensibility—think Renaissance portraits, botanical prints of dark florals, vintage anatomical drawings, and moody landscapes.

Step by Step:

1. Collect prints, paintings, or photographs that fit the romantic goth aesthetic
2. Choose frames in consistent finishes (all black, all ornate gold, or a deliberate mix)
3. Lay out your arrangement on the floor before hanging to perfect the composition
4. Include varied sizes for visual interest, with one or two larger focal pieces
5. Hang pieces at eye level as a general guideline, adjusting for your space
6. Include personal touches like framed antique keys, pressed flowers under glass, or vintage mirrors among the artwork

Picture this: One wall of your bedroom has become a stunning visual narrative of gothic romance. Your eyes travel from a haunting Renaissance portrait to a detailed botanical print of black roses, then to a moody photograph of a Victorian cemetery. The ornate black frames create continuity while the varied subjects keep things interesting. Visitors always pause to examine your collection more closely, and you love how the gallery wall makes your bedroom feel like a curated museum of beautiful darkness.

Balance your wall art with practical bedroom nightstand styling ideas for cohesive design.

6. Add a Vintage Vanity with Ornate Details

A proper vanity is essential for any romantic goth bedroom—it’s both functional and serves as a beautiful focal point that reinforces your aesthetic. The key is finding (or creating) a piece with the right vintage character and gothic charm.

Step by Step:

1. Source a vintage vanity table with ornate legs and decorative details (check estate sales, antique stores, or online marketplaces)
2. Paint or refinish if needed in black, deep charcoal, or keep an aged wood finish
3. Add an ornate mirror above or attached to the vanity
4. Style with gothic decor pieces like vintage perfume bottles, black jewelry boxes, and antique brushes
5. Include proper lighting with a vintage-style lamp or sconces
6. Place a velvet or embroidered cushion on the vanity stool

Picture this: Your vanity has become your personal beauty ritual space and a stunning display area all in one. The ornate carved details of the dark wood catch the light from the vintage lamp with its burgundy shade. Your collection of antique perfume bottles glimmers on a silver tray, while your jewelry drapes elegantly from a vintage hand-shaped jewelry holder. Every morning you sit here feels special, like you’re preparing yourself in a Victorian lady’s boudoir, taking time for yourself in a space that’s both beautiful and deeply personal.

For more vanity inspiration, explore these vanity table ideas to find your perfect setup.

7. Install Dramatic Dark Wallpaper with Romantic Patterns

Wallpaper makes an incredible impact in a romantic goth bedroom, instantly transforming plain walls into works of art. Choose patterns that blend darkness with romantic elements—damask prints, floral patterns in moody colors, or Victorian-inspired designs.

Step by Step:

1. Select wallpaper in dark base colors (black, deep burgundy, charcoal, or navy) with romantic patterns
2. Decide whether to wallpaper all walls or create an accent wall behind your bed
3. Prepare walls properly by cleaning, repairing imperfections, and priming if needed
4. Apply wallpaper according to manufacturer instructions or hire a professional for best results
5. Consider peel-and-stick options for rental-friendly or temporary applications
6. Coordinate your bedding and decor to complement the wallpaper’s colors and patterns

Picture this: The wall behind your bed has been transformed into a stunning focal point with luxurious damask wallpaper in deep burgundy and black. The intricate pattern creates depth and texture, making the wall look almost fabric-like. The design is sophisticated enough to feel elegant rather than overwhelming, and it perfectly frames your bed as the centerpiece of the room. Friends are always amazed by how much the wallpaper elevated the entire space, turning it from ordinary to extraordinary with this single dramatic change.

Complement your wallpaper with coordinating accent wall decor ideas throughout your space.

8. Create Moody Lighting with Chandeliers and Pendant Lights

Lighting is crucial in a romantic goth bedroom—you want to avoid harsh overhead lights in favor of ambient, moody illumination that creates atmosphere. A statement chandelier or pendant light becomes both functional lighting and a sculptural centerpiece.

Step by Step:

1. Select a chandelier or pendant light with gothic details—black metal, crystal drops, or candelabra-style bulbs
2. Ensure proper electrical wiring (hire an electrician if you’re not experienced)
3. Install a dimmer switch to control light intensity and mood
4. Choose warm-toned bulbs (2700K or lower) rather than cool white
5. Position the fixture as a central focal point or above a specific area like a reading nook
6. Supplement with other light sources like table lamps and candles for layered lighting

Picture this: The centerpiece of your ceiling is a stunning black metal chandelier with crystal drops that catch and scatter light throughout the room. When dimmed low, it creates just enough ambient glow to navigate the space while maintaining that moody, intimate atmosphere. The crystal elements add unexpected sparkle to the dark aesthetic, proving that goth romance can absolutely include glamorous touches. When you turn the dimmer up, the room brightens while still maintaining its dramatic character, making the space versatile for different moods and activities.

Consider additional living room ceiling ideas for overhead design inspiration.

9. Style Your Bed with Luxurious Dark Bedding and Multiple Pillows

Your bed is the centerpiece of any bedroom, and in a romantic goth space, it should look absolutely sumptuous and inviting. This means investing in quality bedding in rich, dark colors and layering multiple textures and pillows for maximum visual and physical comfort.

Step by Step:

1. Start with high-quality sheets in black, burgundy, deep purple, or charcoal
2. Add a duvet or comforter in a complementary dark shade
3. Layer with a textured bedspread, throw, or coverlet for depth
4. Include 5-7 decorative pillows in varying sizes, mixing solid colors with patterns
5. Add throw pillows with gothic details like lace trim, embroidery, or fringe
6. Top with a luxurious throw blanket in velvet, faux fur, or chunky knit

Picture this: Your bed looks like it belongs in a gothic palace—the deep black sheets peek out from under a burgundy velvet duvet, while an array of carefully arranged pillows creates an inviting display against your ornate headboard. The mix of textures is so appealing that you actually look forward to making your bed each morning, knowing how stunning it looks when properly styled. When you climb in at night, pushing aside the decorative pillows, you sink into layers of softness and luxury that make you never want to leave this romantic, cozy cocoon.

Find more layering inspiration with these master bedroom ideas for sophisticated styling.

10. Display Collections of Gothic Decorative Objects

Personal collections of gothic-themed objects add character and tell your unique story while reinforcing the romantic goth aesthetic. These curated displays turn everyday items into art installations that make your bedroom distinctly yours.

Step by Step:

1. Gather gothic objects that speak to you—vintage books, skulls, antique keys, apothecary bottles, taxidermy, crystals, or religious icons
2. Group similar items together rather than scattering them randomly
3. Use varying heights by adding books, boxes, or small pedestals as risers
4. Create vignettes on surfaces like bookshelves, dressers, and nightstands
5. Include some items under glass cloches for added visual interest
6. Rotate displays seasonally to keep things fresh while maintaining the overall aesthetic

Picture this: Your dresser top has become a cabinet of curiosities—a collection of vintage apothecary bottles in dark amber glass sits alongside a beautiful anatomical heart sculpture. Three leather-bound books are stacked to create height, topped with a clear crystal ball. A glass cloche protects a preserved butterfly specimen, while antique keys hang artfully from a decorative hook. Each item has meaning to you, and together they create a display that’s museum-worthy yet deeply personal, making your bedroom feel like it reflects your unique personality and interests.

Build your collections with inspiration from these bookshelf ideas for displaying treasured items.

11. Incorporate Dried and Dark Florals Throughout the Space

Flowers don’t have to be fresh and bright to be romantic—dried florals, particularly in darker tones, are perfect for romantic goth bedrooms. They add organic texture, create visual interest, and last indefinitely, making them both beautiful and practical.

Step by Step:

1. Source dried flowers in deep reds, blacks, burgundies, or natural dried tones (pampas grass, roses, lavender, eucalyptus)
2. Arrange in vintage vases, dark glass bottles, or gothic urns
3. Create a large statement arrangement for your dresser or vanity
4. Add smaller arrangements to nightstands and shelves
5. Consider hanging dried flower bundles upside down from the ceiling or curtain rods
6. Include some preserved flowers under glass for Victorian-inspired displays

Picture this: Every surface in your bedroom features some form of botanical beauty—a large arrangement of dried burgundy roses and black feathers commands attention on your dresser, while delicate bundles of dried lavender hang above your window, tied with black velvet ribbon. On your nightstand, a single preserved rose sits under a glass cloche, looking like it came straight from Beauty and the Beast. The organic elements soften the dramatic gothic aesthetic while maintaining the moody color palette, creating a space that feels alive and romantic rather than stark or cold.

Discover more botanical styling with these plant wall shelf ideas for vertical displays.

12. Add Gothic Window Treatments in Heavy Fabrics

Windows are often overlooked in bedroom design, but in a romantic goth space, the right curtains or drapes make a tremendous difference. Heavy, luxurious fabrics in dark colors not only look stunning but also provide light control and privacy essential for quality sleep.

Step by Step:

1. Measure your windows accurately, adding extra width and length for dramatic effect
2. Select heavy fabrics like velvet, brocade, or heavy lined drapes in black, burgundy, or deep purple
3. Choose ornate curtain rods in black metal, wrought iron, or antique finishes
4. Hang curtains higher than the window frame and wider for an expansive look
5. Allow curtains to puddle slightly on the floor for romantic, luxurious effect
6. Add decorative tiebacks with gothic details like metal roses or tassels

Picture this: Your windows are dressed like they belong in a Victorian mansion—floor-length burgundy velvet curtains hang from ornate black metal rods, the fabric so generous that it puddles gracefully on the floor. When closed, they completely block out light, creating the perfect cave-like atmosphere for sleeping in. When tied back with decorative tasseled cords, they frame your window beautifully while still providing dramatic visual impact. The weight and quality of the fabric makes the entire room feel more substantial and luxurious.

Continue your window styling journey with these scandinavian living room ideas for alternative approaches.

13. Create a Reading Nook with Gothic Charm

A dedicated reading corner transforms your bedroom into more than just a place to sleep—it becomes a true sanctuary where you can escape into books surrounded by the romantic goth aesthetic you love. This personal retreat within your retreat deserves special attention.

Step by Step:

1. Choose a corner or wall space that has natural light or can accommodate good lighting
2. Add a comfortable chair—think velvet wingback, tufted armchair, or Victorian-style seat
3. Include a small side table for books, tea, and a reading lamp
4. Position a floor lamp or wall sconce for adequate reading light
5. Add a soft throw blanket and decorative pillow for comfort
6. Style the nook with a small bookshelf, floating shelves, or a stack of your current reads

Picture this: Tucked into the corner of your bedroom is your personal escape—a deep purple velvet wingback chair sits beneath a gothic-style floor lamp with a fringed shade. A small black table holds your current read, a cup of tea in a vintage teacup, and a candle that fills the space with warm vanilla and amber scent. Draped over the chair’s arm is a soft black throw blanket, perfect for wrapping yourself in on lazy Sunday mornings. Behind the chair, a small shelf holds your favorite gothic romance novels and poetry collections. This nook calls to you whenever you need a moment of peace, making your bedroom truly multifunctional.

Get more cozy corner inspiration from these reading corner ideas designed for relaxation.

14. Install Dark Wood or Black Furniture with Ornate Details

Furniture selection is fundamental to achieving authentic romantic goth style. The right pieces in dark finishes with ornate details instantly establish the aesthetic while providing necessary function. Quality furniture becomes a long-term investment in your dream bedroom.

Step by Step:

1. Select a bed frame with ornate details—carved headboard, four-poster design, or wrought iron elements
2. Choose coordinating pieces like a dresser, nightstands, and wardrobe in dark wood or black finishes
3. Look for furniture with gothic architectural details—pointed arches, carved roses, or turned legs
4. Consider refinishing existing furniture with black paint or dark stain if budget is limited
5. Add ornate hardware like antique-style drawer pulls to enhance gothic character
6. Mix wood and metal pieces for textural variety

Picture this: Your bedroom furniture looks like it was salvaged from a gothic cathedral—the bed frame features an intricately carved headboard with pointed arch details, while the matching nightstands have decorative turned legs and original brass hardware. The dresser commands attention with its substantial presence, dark wood finish, and ornate carvings along the drawer fronts. Everything feels solid, substantial, and timeless, like these pieces will last for generations. The dark finishes create cohesion throughout the room while the decorative details prevent the space from feeling heavy or oppressive.

Explore more substantial furniture styles with these rustic bedroom ideas for earthy elegance.

15. Use Faux Fur and Textured Throws for Tactile Luxury

Texture is absolutely essential in a romantic goth bedroom—visual darkness needs to be balanced with tactile softness and luxury. Faux fur and highly textured throws add both warmth and sensory appeal that make your space irresistibly inviting.

Step by Step:

1. Select faux fur throws in black, gray, or deep burgundy
2. Drape one across the foot of your bed or over a reading chair
3. Add textured throws in materials like chunky knit, chenille, or velvet
4. Layer multiple throws rather than using just one
5. Include a faux fur rug beside your bed for soft landings in the morning
6. Consider a faux fur accent pillow or two mixed into your pillow arrangement

Picture this: Your bed isn’t just a feast for the eyes—it’s incredibly inviting to touch. The luxurious black faux fur throw draped across the foot of the bed begs to be stroked, while a chunky burgundy knit throw is perfectly positioned for pulling up when you’re reading against your pillows. On the floor, a plush faux fur rug cushions your feet when you get out of bed, eliminating any harsh morning shock. The abundance of soft, luxurious textures makes your bedroom feel like a cozy den—dark and moody, yes, but overwhelmingly comfortable and nurturing.

Add more cozy textures inspired by cabin bedroom decor ideas for ultimate comfort.

16. Incorporate Metal Elements with Gothic Design

Metal accents in the right finish and style add authenticity and edge to romantic goth bedrooms. Think beyond basic hardware to include metal as a design element through furniture, decor, and architectural details that add dimension and visual interest.

Step by Step:

1. Choose metals in black, wrought iron, aged silver, or antique brass finishes
2. Add a metal bed frame or headboard with ornate scrollwork
3. Include metal wall art like gothic crosses, ornate mirrors, or iron wall sconces
4. Use metal curtain rods with decorative finials
5. Display metal decorative objects like vintage candle holders, iron keys, or metal boxes
6. Consider industrial-gothic fusion pieces like metal and wood shelving

Picture this: Throughout your bedroom, metal elements catch the light and add structure to the soft textiles surrounding them. Your wrought iron bed frame features beautiful scrollwork that casts intricate shadows on the wall behind it. Metal wall sconces on either side of your mirror provide both ambient light and gothic architectural detail. Even small touches like the antique brass drawer pulls on your nightstand and the iron finials on your curtain rods contribute to the cohesive aesthetic. The metal elements add just enough edge to keep the romantic goth style from tipping into overly feminine, maintaining perfect balance.

Find more metallic inspiration with these afrohemian decor ideas incorporating mixed materials.

17. Design a Wall of Floating Shelves for Gothic Display

Floating shelves provide both function and form, offering display space for your gothic treasures while creating visual interest on your walls. When styled thoughtfully, these shelves become art installations that showcase your aesthetic and personality.

Step by Step:

1. Install 2-4 floating shelves in black or dark wood finish at varying heights
2. Create asymmetrical arrangement rather than perfectly aligned shelves
3. Style each shelf as a mini vignette with grouped objects
4. Include books (standing and stacked), decorative objects, candles, and small plants
5. Vary the heights of displayed items using books or small boxes as risers
6. Leave some negative space—don’t overcrowd every inch
7. Incorporate lighting like small LED strip lights under shelves or battery-operated candles

Picture this: One wall of your bedroom has become a three-dimensional gallery—three floating black shelves at staggered heights display your carefully curated collection of gothic treasures. The top shelf holds a row of vintage leather-bound books punctuated by a small skull and a black candle. The middle shelf features a larger grouping—more books, a gothic arch frame with a Victorian portrait, and trailing ivy from a black ceramic pot. The bottom shelf displays your collection of antique glass bottles and a small ornate jewelry box. The arrangement looks effortlessly elegant, like you could be featured in a gothic design magazine.

Enhance your shelving displays with ideas from these minimalistic home decoration ideas for balanced styling.

18. Add Romantic Gothic Textiles with Lace and Embroidery

Textiles with intricate details like lace and embroidery add romantic softness to the darker elements of gothic design. These details create visual interest and add a feminine, vintage touch that prevents the space from feeling too harsh or masculine.

Step by Step:

1. Source vintage or vintage-inspired lace doilies, runners, or tablecloths
2. Drape lace runners across dresser tops or nightstands beneath other decor
3. Include embroidered throw pillows with gothic motifs like crosses, roses, or skulls
4. Add lace trim to existing pillows or curtains using fabric glue or basic sewing
5. Frame particularly beautiful pieces of antique lace as wall art
6. Look for bedspreads or duvet covers with embroidered details

Picture this: Your bedroom is filled with delicate, intricate details that reward closer inspection. A beautiful black lace runner drapes across your dresser beneath your collection of perfume bottles, its pattern creating visual texture against the dark wood. Several throw pillows feature stunning embroidery—deep red roses on black velvet, white skulls on burgundy linen. At your window, you’ve added black lace panels behind your velvet curtains, creating beautiful layered shadows when sunlight filters through. These romantic textile details soften the gothic edges while maintaining the dramatic aesthetic, proving that dark doesn’t have to mean harsh.

Discover more textile layering techniques with these shabby chic bedroom ideas for romantic touches.

19. Create Ambiance with Dark Romantic Scents

Scent is the often-forgotten element of bedroom design, yet it profoundly impacts the atmosphere and your emotional experience of the space. The right fragrances complete your romantic goth sanctuary by engaging all your senses.

Step by Step:

1. Select candles, incense, or essential oil diffusers with dark, romantic scents
2. Choose fragrances like black rose, oud, sandalwood, patchouli, amber, vanilla, or dark musk
3. Place scent sources in multiple locations—nightstand, dresser, reading nook
4. Consider layering complementary scents rather than using just one throughout
5. Use scent strategically—lighter during daytime, richer scents in evening
6. Refresh potpourri bowls with dried roses, lavender, and a few drops of essential oil

Picture this: From the moment you open your bedroom door, you’re enveloped in an intoxicating blend of scents that transport you to another world. On your nightstand, a black candle burns with rich notes of amber and dark vanilla. From your dresser, an incense holder releases wisps of sandalwood smoke that curl lazily through the air. The subtle base note of dried rose petals in a bowl on your vanity adds romantic florals to the mix. Together, these scents create an atmosphere that’s impossible to replicate—distinctly yours, utterly romantic, and perfectly gothic. Guests always comment on how amazing your room smells, asking what perfume you wear, when really it’s the carefully curated scent of your entire sanctuary.

Complete your sensory design with inspiration from these woman bedroom ideas for personal sanctuaries.

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Your romantic goth bedroom isn’t just a trend you’re following—it’s a deeply personal expression of your aesthetic sensibilities and a sanctuary that truly reflects who you are.

By incorporating these 19 ideas, you’re creating a space that honors both the drama of gothic design and the softness of romantic details.

Remember, this is your space to retreat from the world, so embrace what speaks to your soul and don’t be afraid to go darker, more dramatic, or more romantic than you initially planned.

The beauty of this aesthetic is that it celebrates individuality and intensity, allowing you to create a bedroom that’s as unique and compelling as you are.

Now light those candles, draw your velvet curtains, and enjoy your beautifully dark sanctuary.